The Shocking Revelation of 3641-13-2

Therefore, this conceptually novel strategy might open impressive avenues to establish green and sustainable chemistry platforms.In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 5-Amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylic acid.

Application of 3641-13-2, New Advances in Chemical Research in 2021. As an important bridge between the micro and macro material world, chemistry is one of the main methods and means for humans to understand and transform the material world. 3641-13-2, name is 5-Amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylic acid, molecular formula is C3H4N4O2, its traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, below Introduce a new synthetic route.

General procedure: A mixture of benzil (0.01 mol), aldehydes (0.01 mol), 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-carboxylic acid (0.01 mol), ammonium acetate (0.01 mol) and ceric ammonium nitrate (15 mol%) as a catalyst were refluxed in ethanol (15 mL) for about 3-4 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. After completion of reaction, the mixture was cooled to room temperature. The solid formed was filtered and dried. The crude products were recrystallized by ethanol.

Therefore, this conceptually novel strategy might open impressive avenues to establish green and sustainable chemistry platforms.In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 5-Amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylic acid.

Reference:
Article; Nikalje, Anna Pratima G.; Ghodke, Mangesh S.; Kalam Khan, Firoz A.; Sangshetti, Jaiprakash N.; Chinese Chemical Letters; vol. 26; 1; (2015); p. 108 – 112;,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

What I Wish Everyone Knew About 288-36-8

Sometimes chemists are able to propose two or more mechanisms that are consistent with the available data. If a proposed mechanism predicts the wrong experimental rate law, however, the mechanism must be incorrect.Welcome to check out more blogs about 1H-1,2,3-Triazole, in my other articles.

New discoveries in chemical research and development in 2021. Chemo-enzymatic cascade processes are invaluable due to their ability to rapidly construct high-value products from available feedstock chemicals in a one-pot relay manner. 288-36-8, name is 1H-1,2,3-Triazole belongs to triazoles compound, it is a common compound, a new synthetic route is introduced below. COA of Formula: C2H3N3

To a stirred solution of compound 54 (5.00 g, 74.55 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) was added 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (6.90 g, 82.00 mmol) and p-Toluenesulfonic acid (0.62 g, 3.62 mmol), the mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h, TLC showed that the start materials was consumed up, stopped the reaction, concentrated in vacuo, the residue was purified by column (EtO Ac/Hex 1/10 to 1/6) to give compound 55 (9.00 g, 81% yield) as a colorless oil. MS (ESI) (M/Z): [M+H]+ =154.1; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) delta 7.67 (s, 2H), 5.73 (dd, 7 = 9.1, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (ddd, 7 = 11.7, 3.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.79 – 3.69 (m, 1H), 2.48 – 2.38 (m, 1H), 2.16 – 2.04 (m, 2H), 1.77 – 1.69 (m, 2H), 1.67 – 1.61 (m, 1H).

Sometimes chemists are able to propose two or more mechanisms that are consistent with the available data. If a proposed mechanism predicts the wrong experimental rate law, however, the mechanism must be incorrect.Welcome to check out more blogs about 1H-1,2,3-Triazole, in my other articles.

Reference:
Patent; ZHANG, Hai-Jun; (63 pag.)WO2018/217439; (2018); A1;,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Discover the magic of the 7411-23-6

In the meantime we’ve collected together some recent articles in this area about 3,5-Dibromo-1H-1,2,4-triazole to whet your appetite. Happy reading!

Application of 7411-23-6, New discoveries in chemical research and development in 2021. We’ll be discussing some of the latest developments in chemical about CAS: 7411-23-6, name is 3,5-Dibromo-1H-1,2,4-triazole, its traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, such as complicated route, low yield, poor purity, etc, below Introduce a new synthetic route.

Two hatches of phenylboronic acid (13 5 g, 111 mmol, 1.0 eq), 3,5-dibromo~lH-i,2,4~ triazoe (25 g, 110 mmol, 1.0 eq), Cu(QAc)2 (30 g, 165 mmol, 1.5 eq), pyridine (26.5 g, 335 mmol, 27 mL, 3.0 eq) and 4A MS (5 g, 22.0 mmol) in toluene (250 mJL) was degassed and purged with O2 for three times, and then the mixture was stirred at 80 C for 16 h under O? atmosphere (15 psi). After completion of the reaction, the two batches of reaction mixture were mixed and filtered, then concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. The residue was purified by flash silica gel chromatography (ISCO; 200 g SepaFlash1 Silica Flash Column, eluent of 0-10% ethyl acetate/petroleum ether gradient 80 mL/min) to give 36 g crude product with 67% purity. 2 g was used for next step directly. The remaining 34 g was diluted with DCM (200 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous NaHC03 (100 mL c 1), brine (100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2S04, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 3, 5-dibromo-l -phenyl-1 ,2,4-triazole (29.2 g, 37% yield, 85% purity) as a light yellow solid. i.C-YlS (ESI): m/z (M+H) 303.9.

In the meantime we’ve collected together some recent articles in this area about 3,5-Dibromo-1H-1,2,4-triazole to whet your appetite. Happy reading!

Reference:
Patent; AN2H DISCOVERY LIMITED; JOHNSTON, Jennifer; FATHEREE, Paul Ross; (225 pag.)WO2019/109099; (2019); A1;,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Sources of common compounds: 7170-01-6

Sometimes chemists are able to propose two or more mechanisms that are consistent with the available data. If a proposed mechanism predicts the wrong experimental rate law, however, the mechanism must be incorrect.Welcome to check out more blogs about 3-Methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole, in my other articles.

New discoveries in chemical research and development in 2021. Chemo-enzymatic cascade processes are invaluable due to their ability to rapidly construct high-value products from available feedstock chemicals in a one-pot relay manner. 7170-01-6, name is 3-Methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole belongs to triazoles compound, it is a common compound, a new synthetic route is introduced below. 7170-01-6

5-(3-Methyl-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl)-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid A mixture of methyl 5-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylate (0.75 g), K2CO3 (1.8 g) and 3-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole (1.2 g) in N,N-dimethylformamide (6 mL) is heated to 100 C. overnight. Analysis of the crude mixture by LCMS shows saponified product. The product is acidified with 1 N hydrochloric acid and the precipitate is filtered and washed with water and diethyl ether to afford the title compound. LC (method 20): tR=1.21 min; Mass spectrum (APCI): m/z=206 [M+H]+.

Sometimes chemists are able to propose two or more mechanisms that are consistent with the available data. If a proposed mechanism predicts the wrong experimental rate law, however, the mechanism must be incorrect.Welcome to check out more blogs about 3-Methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole, in my other articles.

Reference:
Patent; Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc.; Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH; NOSSE, Bernd; ECKHARDT, Matthias; HIMMELSBACH, Frank; LANGKOPF, Elke; ASHWEEK, Neil J.; HARRIOTT, Nicole; US2014/45823; (2014); A1;,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Introduction of a new synthetic route about 1-Methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole

This is the end of this tutorial post, and I hope it has helped your research about 16681-65-5!

Reference of 16681-65-5, New Advances in Chemical Research in 2021.In classical electrochemical theory, both the electron transfer rate and the adsorption of reactants at the electrode control the electrochemical reaction. 16681-65-5, name is 1-Methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole, molecular formula is C3H5N3, its traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, below Introduce a new synthetic route.

To a solution of 1 -methyl- lH-l,2,3-triazole (860 mg, 10.4 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at -78 C, was added dropwise -BuLi (5.0 mL, 12.4 mmol, 2.5 M). The mixture was stirred at -78 C for 2 hours before addition of Bu3SnCl (3.7 g, 11.4 mmol). The mixture was stirred at -78 C for 1 hour and then room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and hexane was added. The insoluble material was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to afford l-methyl-5-(tributylstannyl)-lH-l ,2,3-triazole (3.1 g, 80 %) as yellow oil which was used directly in the next step.

This is the end of this tutorial post, and I hope it has helped your research about 16681-65-5!

Reference:
Patent; F. HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE AG; GENENTECH, INC.; CHEN, Jinhua; DING, Charles Z.; DRAGOVICH, Peter; FAUBER, Benjamin; GAO, Zhenting; LABADIE, Sharada; LAI, Kwong Wah; PURKEY, Hans Edward; ROBARGE, Kirk; WEI, Binqing; ZHOU, Aihe; WO2015/140133; (2015); A1;,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

The Shocking Revelation of 13273-53-5

We’ll also look at important developments in the pharmaceutical industry because understanding organic chemistry is important in understanding health, medicine, the role of 4-Bromo-1-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole ,and how the biochemistry of the body works.

New discoveries in chemical research and development in 2021. The transformation of simple hydrocarbons into more complex and valuable products via catalytic C–H bond functionalisation has revolutionised modern synthetic chemistry. 13273-53-5, name is 4-Bromo-1-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole belongs to triazoles compound, it is a common compound, a new synthetic route is introduced below. Quality Control of 4-Bromo-1-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole

Step 5 To the above solution was added 4-bromo-1-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole (XXXII) (0.064 g, 0.395 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl2-CH2Cl2 adduct (0.032 g, 0.040 mmol) and 2 M aqueous solution of potassium carbonate (0.395 mL, 0.790 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated overnight at 95 C. The reaction mixture was absorbed on silica and purified by ISCO using CHCl3/7N NH3 in MeOH (0?5%) followed by preparative TLC to obtain N-(6-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)isoquinolin-3-yl)-1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl) piperidine-4-carboxamide (271) as a beige solid (0.011 g, 0.025 mmol, 6.44% yield). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 500 MHz) delta ppm 1.60-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.92-2.01 (m, 2H), 2.41-2.60 (m, 5H), 2.94 (br d, J=11.25 Hz, 2 H), 4.14 (s, 3H), 8.01 (dd, J=8.51, 1.37 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=8.51 Hz, 1H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.50 (s, 1H), 8.73 (s, 1H), 9.11 (s, 1H), 10.55 (s, 1H); ESIMS found for C21H23F3N6O m/z 433.2 (M+1).

We’ll also look at important developments in the pharmaceutical industry because understanding organic chemistry is important in understanding health, medicine, the role of 4-Bromo-1-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole ,and how the biochemistry of the body works.

Reference:
Patent; Samumed, LLC; KC, Sunil Kumar; Mittapalli, Gopi Kumar; Hofilena, Brian Joseph; Marakovits, Joseph Timothy; Chiruta, Chandramouli; Mak, Chi Ching; Cao, Jianguo; (324 pag.)US2017/313681; (2017); A1;,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Never Underestimate The Influence Of 16681-65-5

If you are hungry for even more, make sure to check my other article about 16681-65-5, the application of this compound in the production field has become more and more popular.

New discoveries in chemical research and development in 2021. The dynamic chemical diversity of the numerous elements, ions and molecules that constitute the basis of life provides wide challenges and opportunities for research. 16681-65-5, name is 1-Methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole belongs to triazoles compound, it is a common compound, a new synthetic route is introduced below. COA of Formula: C3H5N3

Example 43a: (4-chloro-2-methoxy-3-((6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)quinolin-6-yl)(1,2-dimethyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)(1-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-yl)methanol A solution of n-BuLi (2.5 M in hexanes, 1.25 mL, 3.12 mmol) was added dropwise by syringe to a solution of 1 -methyl- 1 H- 1 ,2,3-triazole (268 mg, 3.22 mmol) in dry THF (32 mL) in a dry ice- methanol bath. The suspension was stirred for 30 minutes, slowly allowing the reaction mixture to warm to -10 C, (4-Chloro-2-methoxy-3-((6-(trifluoromethyl)pyTidin-3-yl)methyl)quinoiin-6- yi)(l ,2-dimethyl-lH-imida.zol-5-yl)methanone (0.500 g, 1 ,05 mmol, Intermediate 45: step f) in dry THF (5 mL) was added to the mixture via syringe and the resulting mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched with water. Brine was added and the aqueous mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried (Na2S04), filtered, and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 0-8% MeOH-DCM) to provide the title compound.JH NMR (500MHz, CDC1 delta 8.69 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.24 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (s, IH), 7.79 – 7.76 (m, 1H), 7.75 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J = 8.7, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 5.95 (s, 1H), 4.30 (s, 2H), 4.08 (s, 3H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.33 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H); MS m/e 557.8 [M+H]+.Example 43a was purified by ehiral SFC (ChiralPak AD-H, 70:30 C02:mixture of MeOH/iPrOH (50:50 with 0.3% /PrNH2)) to provide two pure enantiomers. The first eluting enantiomer was Example 43b: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) delta 8.72 (d, J = 1 .7 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (dd, J —— 8.1 , 1 .7 Hz, I I I). 7.74 (d, J —— 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.58 id, J = 7.9 Hz,I I I). 7.40 (dd, J —– 8.7, 2,2 Hz, i l l). 7.50 (s, I H), 6.04 (s, 1H), 4.34 (s, 2H), 4.08 (s, M i l 3.89 (s,3H), 3.36 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H); MS m/e 557.2 [MJ+. The second eluting enantiomer was Example 43c: H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) delta 8.73 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 5 H), 8.20 (d, J === 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.80 – 7.73 (m, 2H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.40 (dd, J = 8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (s, IH), 6.06 (s, IH), 4.35 (s, 21 1). 4.08 (s, 3H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H); MS m/e 557.2 i VI i

If you are hungry for even more, make sure to check my other article about 16681-65-5, the application of this compound in the production field has become more and more popular.

Reference:
Patent; JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA NV; LEONARD, Kristi A.; BARBAY, Kent; EDWARDS, James P.; KREUTTER, Kevin D.; KUMMER, David A.; MAHAROOF, Umar; NISHIMURA, Rachel; URBANSKI, Maud; VENKATESAN, Hariharan; WANG, Aihua; WOLIN, Ronald L.; WOODS, Craig R.; FOURIE, Anne; XUE, Xiaohua; CUMMINGS, Maxwell D.; JONES, William Moore; GOLDBERG, Steven; WO2015/57205; (2015); A1;,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

What I Wish Everyone Knew About 1455-77-2

Therefore, this conceptually novel strategy might open impressive avenues to establish green and sustainable chemistry platforms.In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 3,5-Diamino-1,2,4-triazole.

Electric Literature of 1455-77-2, New Advances in Chemical Research in 2021.Reactions catalyzed within inorganic and organic materials and at electrochemical interfaces commonly occur at high coverage and in condensed media, 1455-77-2, name is 3,5-Diamino-1,2,4-triazole, molecular formula is C2H5N5, its traditional synthetic route has been very mature, but the traditional synthetic route has various shortcomings, below Introduce a new synthetic route.

General procedure: 2-Naphthalenesulfonyl chloride (60 mmol, 13.5 g) was slowlyadded to a solution containing 5-amino-1,2,4-triazole (60 mmol,5.04 g) (for anstrz synthesis) or 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole (60 mmol,5.95 g) (for danstrz synthesis) and pyridine (60 mmol, rho = 0.978 g/mL,4.85 mL) in 100 mL of acetonitrile (dry) under a N2 atmosphere at55 °C. Then, the temperature reaction was raised to 85 °C and themixture stirred for 16 h. Afterwards, the mixture was brought toroom temperature and later on placed in an ice bath for 1 h. Thesolid was filtered, washed with water and dichloromethane, anddried to constant weight.

Therefore, this conceptually novel strategy might open impressive avenues to establish green and sustainable chemistry platforms.In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 3,5-Diamino-1,2,4-triazole.

Reference:
Article; Herna?ndez-Gil, Javier; Ferrer, Sacramento; Cabedo, Nuria; Lo?pez-Gresa, Mari?a Pilar; Castin?eiras, Alfonso; Lloret, Francesc; Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry; vol. 125; (2013); p. 50 – 63;,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Extracurricular laboratory: Synthetic route of 7343-33-1

If you are hungry for even more, make sure to check my other article about 7343-33-1, the application of this compound in the production field has become more and more popular.

New discoveries in chemical research and development in 2021. The dynamic chemical diversity of the numerous elements, ions and molecules that constitute the basis of life provides wide challenges and opportunities for research. 7343-33-1, name is 5-Bromo-1H-1,2,4-triazole belongs to triazoles compound, it is a common compound, a new synthetic route is introduced below. Application In Synthesis of 5-Bromo-1H-1,2,4-triazole

[00464j To a 1OOml flask was added 3-bromo-1H-i,2,4-triazole (739.8 mg, 5 mmol), CuT (95.2 mg, 0.50 mmol) and Cs2C03 (1.629 g, 5.0 mmol) and the flask was evacuated thenbackfilled with N2 before adding DMS0 (5 mL) and i-fluoro-3-iodo-5-methyl-benzene (590.1 mg, 2.50 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 100°C for 20h at which time LCMSindicated the major peak was desired product. To the reaction mixture was added Et0Ac, the mixture was filtered through celite and to the filtrate was added brine. The organic phase wasdried over MgS04, filtered, evaporated to dryness and purified on an Isco 40g silica gel column eluting with heptanes and ethyl acetate to afford 3-bromo-i-(3-fluoro-5-methyl-phenyl)-i,2,4-triazole HG-3a (170 mg, 26.6percent). ?H NMR (300 MHz, CDC13) oe 8.43 (s, 1H), 7.29 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (dt, J = 9.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 2.46 (s, 3H)ppm. ESI-MS m/z calc. 254.98074, found 257.97 (M+i) Retention time: 0.81 minutes.

If you are hungry for even more, make sure to check my other article about 7343-33-1, the application of this compound in the production field has become more and more popular.

Reference:
Patent; VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INCORPORATED; DAVIES, Robert, J.; CAO, Jingrong; COCKERILL, Meghan, Elise; COLLIER, Philip, Noel; DENINNO, Michael, Paul; DOYLE, Elisabeth; FRANTZ, James, Daniel; GAO, Huai; GOLDMAN, Brian, Anthony; GREY, Ronald, Lee; GRILLOT, Anne-laure; GU, Wenxin; HENDERSON, James, A.; IRARRAZAVAL, Raul Eduardo, Krauss; KOLPAK, Adrianne, Lynn; LIAO, Yusheng; MAGAVI, Sanjay Shivayogi; MALTAIS, Francois; MESSERSMITH, David; PIERCE, Albert, Charles; PEROLA, Emanuele; RYU, Elizabeth Jin-Sun; SYKEN, Joshua; WANG, Jian; (706 pag.)WO2016/197009; (2016); A1;,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

What I Wish Everyone Knew About 3,5-Dibromo-1H-1,2,4-triazole

The catalyzed pathway has a lower Ea, but the net change in energy that results from the reaction is not affected by the presence of a catalyst. In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 7411-23-6

Research speed reading in 2021. The dynamic chemical diversity of the numerous elements, ions and molecules that constitute the basis of life provides wide challenges and opportunities for research. 7411-23-6, name is 3,5-Dibromo-1H-1,2,4-triazole belongs to triazoles compound, it is a common compound, a new synthetic route is introduced below. name: 3,5-Dibromo-1H-1,2,4-triazole

Step B: Preparation of 3,5-dibromo-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-acetic acid A solution of 3,5-dibromo-1H-1,2,4-triazole (i.e. the product of Example 15, Step A) (4.54 g, 20.0 mmol) in acetonitrile (20 mL) was treated with potassium carbonate (5.0 g) and ethyl bromoacetate (4.52 g, 27.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 4 h and then cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (150 mL), filtered, washed with water, 1 N hydrochloric acid and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, and dried (MgSO4). The resulting mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 6.19 g of ester compound as a pale yellow oil. The ester compound in tetrahydrofuran (40 mL) was treated with 2 N aqueous sodium hydroxide (20 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath and acidified with 6 N hydrochloric acid (10 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with ether (200 mL), and the separated organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated to give 6.38 g of the title compound as a pale yellow oil. The crude product was triturated with hot n-butyl chloride (100 mL). The mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered to give 3.77 g of the title compound as a white solid melting at 147-152 C. 1H NMR (CDCl3): delta 5.00 (s, 2H).

The catalyzed pathway has a lower Ea, but the net change in energy that results from the reaction is not affected by the presence of a catalyst. In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 7411-23-6

Reference:
Patent; Gregory, Vann; Pasteris, Robert James; US2010/240619; (2010); A1;,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics