Category: Triazoles

An article Procyanidin B2 Improves Oocyte Maturation and Subsequent Development in Type 1 Diabetic Mice by Promoting Mitochondrial Function WOS:000555379800005 published article about ATP CONTENT; HISTONE CROTONYLATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; GENE-EXPRESSION; IN-VITRO; IDENTIFICATION; DYSFUNCTION; TEMPERATURE; METABOLISM; FERTILITY in [Luo, Yuxi; Zhuan, Qingrui; Du, Xingzhu; Fu, Xiangwei] China Agr Univ, Coll Anim Sci & Technol, Natl Engn Lab Anim Breeding, Beijing Key Lab Anim Genet Improvement, Beijing 100193, Peoples R China; [Li, Jun] Hebei Med Univ, Hosp 1, Dept Reprod Med, Shijiazhuang 050031, Hebei, Peoples R China; [Huang, Zhengyuan] Imperial Coll London, Chelsea & Westminster Hosp, Dept Metab Digest & Reprod, London SW10 9NH, England; [Hou, Yunpeng] China Agr Univ, Coll Biol Sci, State Key Lab Agro Biotechnol, Yuanmingyuan West Rd 2, Beijing 100193, Peoples R China in 2020.0, Cited 55.0. The Name is 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 61-82-5. Safety of 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results in decreased oocyte quality and compromised early embryonic development. Procyanidin B2 (PB2) is a natural compound extracted from grape seeds and has strong antioxidant activity in vivo. This study evaluated the effect of PB2 on oocyte maturation in diabetic mice. Diabetic mice were induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. PB2 was supplemented in the in vitro maturation medium, and the ratio of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and polar body extrusion (PBE), reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial function, developmental ability, as well as crotonylation at H4K5 were determined in oocytes. PB2 can promote the extrusion of PBE (88.34% vs. 75.02%,P < 0.05); reduce the generation of ROS (1.12 vs. 1.96,P < 0.05); and improve the level of mitochondrial membrane potential (0.87 vs. 0.79 Delta phi m,P < 0.05), ATP level (1.31 vs. 0.71 pmol,P < 0.05), and mitochondria temperature (618.25 vs. 697.39 pixels,P < 0.05). The addition of PB2 also improved the level of oocyte crotonylation at H4K5 (crH4K5) (47.26 vs. 59.68 pixels,P < 0.05) and increased the blastocyst rate (61.51% vs. 36.07%,P < 0.05) after parthenogenetic activation. Our results are the first to reveal a role for PB2 in promoting the viability of oocytes by regulating the mitochondrial function. Moreover, we uncover that PB2 can improve the level of crH4K5, which provides a new strategy to combat the decline in oocyte quality of diabetic. About 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, If you have any questions, you can contact Luo, YX; Zhuan, QR; Li, J; Du, XZ; Huang, ZY; Hou, YP; Fu, XW or concate me.. Safety of 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine

Reference:
Article; Safari, Niloufar; Shirini, Farhad; Tajik, Hassan; Journal of Molecular Structure; vol. 1201; (2020);,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

An article Redox-dependent catalase mimetic cerium oxide-based nanozyme protect human hepatic cells from 3-AT induced acatalasemia WOS:000459837800071 published article about PEROXIDASE-LIKE ACTIVITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; 1-CYS PEROXIREDOXIN; NANOPARTICLES; ANTIOXIDANTS; GLUTATHIONE; INHIBITION; ACTIVATION; EXPRESSION; MECHANISM in [Singh, Ragini; Singh, Sanjay] Ahmedabad Univ, Sch Arts & Sci, Div Biol & Life Sci, Cent Campus, Ahmadabad 380009, Gujarat, India in 2019.0, Cited 46.0. Computed Properties of C2H4N4. The Name is 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 61-82-5

Recently, CeNPs have emerged as an effective therapeutic agent due to their redox-active nature encompassing the ability to switch between +4 or +3 oxidation states of surface Ce atoms. CeNPs with predominantly high Ce +4 oxidation state have been shown to exhibit biological catalase enzyme-like activity. Catalase enzyme is naturally present in mammalian cells and facilitates the protection from reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated due to decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Inactivation of cellular catalase enzyme is known to cause several diseases such as acatalasemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and vitiligo. In this study, we have artificially inhibited the activity of cellular catalase enzyme from human liver cells (WRL-68) using 3-Amino-1,2,4-Triazole (3-AT). Further, CeNPs was used for imparting protective effect against the deleterious effects of elevated cellular H2O2 concentration. Our results suggest that CeNPs (+ 4) can protect hepatic cells from cytotoxicity and genetic damage from the high concentrations of H2O2 in the absence of functional catalase enzyme. CeNPs were efficiently internalized in WRL-68 cells and effectively scavenge the free radicals generated due to elevated H2O2 inside the cells. Additionally, CeNPs were also shown to protect cells from undergoing early apoptosis and DNA damage induced due to the 3-AT exposure. Moreover, CeNPs did not elicit the natural antioxidant defense system of the cells even in the absence of functional catalase enzyme, suggesting that the observed protection was due to the H2O2 degradation activity of CeNPs (+4). Our finding substantiates the reinforcement of CeNPs as pharmacological agents for the treatment of diseases related to nonfunctional biological catalase enzyme in the mammalian cells.

Computed Properties of C2H4N4. About 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, If you have any questions, you can contact Singh, R; Singh, S or concate me.

Reference:
Article; Safari, Niloufar; Shirini, Farhad; Tajik, Hassan; Journal of Molecular Structure; vol. 1201; (2020);,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Recommanded Product: 61-82-5. Recently I am researching about IN-VITRO; TRANSCRIPTION; PROTEIN; SURFACE; GENE; DIFFERENTIATION; GROWTH; ROLES; PATHOGENESIS; CONIDIATION, Saw an article supported by the National Key R&D Program of China [2017YFD0200400]; National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [31670144]; Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNatural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province [LZ19C140001]. Published in WILEY in HOBOKEN ,Authors: Ding, JL; Lin, HY; Feng, MG; Ying, SH. The CAS is 61-82-5. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine

The Mbp1 protein functions as a DNA-binding protein in the MluI cell cycle box-binding complex and plays significant roles in yeast development. In this study, an ortholog of yeast Mbp1, BbMbp1, was characterized in a filamentous insect mycopathogen, Beauveria bassiana. BbMbp1 plays an important role in morphological changes under aerial and liquid environments. On the aerial surface, BbMbp1 was indispensable for the biogenesis of conidiophores and conidiation. Under submerged conditions, the increment BbMbp1 mutant displayed abnormal spore-producing structures, with a dramatic decrease in blastospore yield (similar to 95%). The virulence of the increment BbMbp1 mutant was notably weakened, which might be due to the defect in in vivo blastospore formation in the insect. Moreover, disruption of BbMbp1 resulted in a substantial reduction in hyphal growth on cadavers. Comparative transcriptomics revealed that BbMbp1 mediated different transcriptomes during the formation processes of conidia and blastospores. Yeast one-hybrid assays demonstrated that BbMbp1 was required for transcriptional control of a cell wall protein gene, BbCwp, and an integral membrane protein gene, BbImp that played significant roles in conidiation and blastospore formation respectively. Our results demonstrate that BbMbp1 contributes to the morphological transitions in the pathogenic and saprophytic growth of B. bassiana via different genetic pathways.

About 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, If you have any questions, you can contact Ding, JL; Lin, HY; Feng, MG; Ying, SH or concate me.. Recommanded Product: 61-82-5

Reference:
Article; Safari, Niloufar; Shirini, Farhad; Tajik, Hassan; Journal of Molecular Structure; vol. 1201; (2020);,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

An article A new and green approach for regiospecific synthesis of novel chromeno-triazolopyrimidin using tungstic acid immobilized MCM-41 as a reusable catalyst WOS:000539021400012 published article about FUNCTIONALIZED MCM-41; SILICA; NANOPARTICLES; COUMARIN; POTENT in [Akrami, Sedigheh; Karami, Bahador; Farahi, Mahnaz] Univ Yasuj, Dept Chem, Yasuj 7591874831, Iran in 2020.0, Cited 40.0. SDS of cas: 61-82-5. The Name is 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 61-82-5

A novel, eco-friendly and fast route has been developed for the synthesis of new and known triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin fused chromone derivatives via a one pot three-component reaction of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazoles, aromatic aldehydes and 4-hydroxycoumarin in aqueous medium at room temperature. These reactions are catalyzed by MCM-41-HWO4 as a safe and recyclable mesoporous solid acid. It combines successfully the synergistic effect of green chemistry with nanocatalysis. The yields are high and the products were characterized by H-1 NMR, (CNMR)-C-13 spectra and elemental analysis.

SDS of cas: 61-82-5. About 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, If you have any questions, you can contact Akrami, S; Karami, B; Farahi, M or concate me.

Reference:
Article; Safari, Niloufar; Shirini, Farhad; Tajik, Hassan; Journal of Molecular Structure; vol. 1201; (2020);,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

SDS of cas: 61-82-5. Authors Ben Ali, A; El Bakri, Y; Lai, CH; Sebhaoui, J; El Ghayati, L; Essassi, E; Mague, JT in INT UNION CRYSTALLOGRAPHY published article about in [Ben Ali, Abdelkader] Mohammed V Univ Rabat, Fac Sci, Ctr Sci Mat, Lab Chim Appl Mat, Ave Ibn,BP 1014, Rabat, Morocco; [El Bakri, Youness; Sebhaoui, Jihad; El Ghayati, Lhoussaine; Essassi, El Mokhtar] Univ Mohammed 5, Fac Sci, Ctr Rech Sci Med, URAC 21,Pole Competence Pharmacochim, Av Ibn Battouta,BP 1014, Rabat, Morocco; [Lai, Chin-Hung] Chung Shan Med Univ, Dept Med Appl Chem, Taichung 40241, Taiwan; [Lai, Chin-Hung] Chung Shan Med Univ Hosp, Dept Med Educ, Taichung 40241, Taiwan; [Mague, Joel T.] Tulane Univ, Dept Chem, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA in 2019.0, Cited 38.0. The Name is 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 61-82-5

In the title molecule, C13H16N4O3, the mean planes of the phenyl and triazole rings are nearly perpendicular to one another as a result of the intramolecular C-H center dot center dot center dot O and C-H center dot center dot center dot pi(ring) interactions. In the crystal, layers parallel to (101) are generated by O-H center dot center dot center dot N, N-H center dot center dot center dot O and N-H center dot center dot center dot N hydrogen bonds. The layers are connected by inversion-related pairs of C-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds. The experimental molecular structure is close to the gas-phase geometryoptimized structure calculated by DFT methods. Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the most important interaction involving hydrogen in the title compound is the H center dot center dot center dot H contact. The contribution of the H center dot center dot center dot O, H center dot center dot center dot N, and H center dot center dot center dot H contacts are 13.6, 16.1, and 54.6%, respectively.

SDS of cas: 61-82-5. About 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, If you have any questions, you can contact Ben Ali, A; El Bakri, Y; Lai, CH; Sebhaoui, J; El Ghayati, L; Essassi, E; Mague, JT or concate me.

Reference:
Article; Safari, Niloufar; Shirini, Farhad; Tajik, Hassan; Journal of Molecular Structure; vol. 1201; (2020);,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Product Details of 61-82-5. Suarez-Diez, M; Porras, S; Laguna-Teno, F; Schaap, PJ; Tamayo-Ramos, JA in [Suarez-Diez, Maria; Schaap, Peter J.] Wageningen Univ & Res, Lab Syst & Synthet Biol, Stippeneg 4, NL-6708 WE Wageningen, Netherlands; [Porras, Santiago] Univ Burgos, Dept Econ Aplicada, Plaza Infanta Dona Elena S-N, Burgos 09001, Spain; [Laguna-Teno, Felix; Tamayo-Ramos, Juan A.] Univ Burgos, Int Res Ctr Crit Raw Mat ICCRAM, Plaza Misael Banuelos S-N, Burgos 09001, Spain published Toxicological response of the model fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae to different concentrations of commercial graphene nanoplatelets in 2020.0, Cited 92.0. The Name is 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 61-82-5.

Graphene nanomaterials have attracted a great interest during the last years for different applications, but their possible impact on different biological systems remains unclear. Here, an assessment to understand the toxicity of commercial polycarboxylate functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (GN) on the unicellular fungal model Saccharomyces cerevisiae was performed. While cell proliferation was not negatively affected even in the presence of 800 mg L-1 of the nanomaterial for 24 hours, oxidative stress was induced at a lower concentration (160 mg L-1), after short exposure periods (2 and 4 hours). No DNA damage was observed under a comet assay analysis under the studied conditions. In addition, to pinpoint the molecular mechanisms behind the early oxidative damage induced by GN and to identify possible toxicity pathways, the transcriptome of S. cerevisiae exposed to 160 and 800 mg L-1 of GN was studied. Both GN concentrations induced expression changes in a common group of genes (337), many of them related to the fungal response to reduce the nanoparticles toxicity and to maintain cell homeostasis. Also, a high number of genes were only differentially expressed in the GN800 condition (3254), indicating that high GN concentrations can induce severe changes in the physiological state of the yeast.

Product Details of 61-82-5. About 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, If you have any questions, you can contact Suarez-Diez, M; Porras, S; Laguna-Teno, F; Schaap, PJ; Tamayo-Ramos, JA or concate me.

Reference:
Article; Safari, Niloufar; Shirini, Farhad; Tajik, Hassan; Journal of Molecular Structure; vol. 1201; (2020);,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

I found the field of Chemistry very interesting. Saw the article The Aminotriazole Antagonist Cmpd-1 Stabilises a Distinct Inactive State of the Adenosine 2A Receptor published in 2019.0. COA of Formula: C2H4N4, Reprint Addresses Crump, MP (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England.; Joedicke, L (corresponding author), UCB Celltech, 216 Bath Rd, Slough SL1 3WE, Berks, England.. The CAS is 61-82-5. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine

The widely expressed G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are versatile signal transducer proteins that are attractive drug targets but structurally challenging to study. GPCRs undergo a number of conformational rearrangements when transitioning from the inactive to the active state but have so far been believed to adopt a fairly conserved inactive conformation. Using (FNMR)-F-19 spectroscopy and advanced molecular dynamics simulations we describe a novel inactive state of the adenosine 2A receptor which is stabilised by the aminotriazole antagonist Cmpd-1. We demonstrate that the ligand stabilises a unique conformation of helix V and present data on the putative binding mode of the compound involving contacts to the transmembrane bundle as well as the extracellular loop 2.

COA of Formula: C2H4N4. About 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, If you have any questions, you can contact Landin, EJB; Lovera, S; de Fabritiis, G; Kelm, S; Mercier, J; McMillan, D; Sessions, RB; Taylor, RJ; Sands, ZA; Joedicke, L; Crump, MP or concate me.

Reference:
Article; Safari, Niloufar; Shirini, Farhad; Tajik, Hassan; Journal of Molecular Structure; vol. 1201; (2020);,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

An article Comparative study between the anti-P. falciparum activity of triazolopyrimidine, pyrazolopyrimidine and quinoline derivatives and the identification of new PfDHODH inhibitors WOS:000600418500073 published article about PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; ANTIMALARIAL in [Silveira, Flavia F.; Hoelz, Lucas V. B.; Boechat, Nubia; Pinheiro, Luiz C. S.] Fiocruz MS, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Inst Tecnol Farmacos Farmanguinhos, Lab Sintese Farmacos, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, BR-21041250 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; [Silveira, Flavia F.; Albuquerque, Magaly G.; Boechat, Nubia] Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, PGQu Inst Quim, Programa Posgrad Quim, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; [de Souza, Juliana O.; Aguiar, Anna C. C.; Guido, Rafael V. C.] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis Sao Carlos, Av Joao Dagnone 1-100, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil; [Campos, Vinicius R.] Univ Fed Fluminense, Inst Quim, Dept Quim Organ, Programa Posgrad Quim, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil; [Jabor, Valquiria A. P.; Nonato, M. Cristina] Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Ciencias Farmaceut Ribeirao Preto, Dept Ciencias BioMol, Lab Cristalog Prot, Ave Cafe S-N Monte Alegre, BR-14040903 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil in 2021, Cited 39. Safety of 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. The Name is 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 61-82-5

In this work, we designed and synthesized 35 new triazolopyrimidine, pyrazolopyrimidine and quinoline derivatives as P. falciparum inhibitors (3D7 strain). Thirty compounds exhibited anti-P. falciparum activity, with IC50 values ranging from 0.030 to 9.1 mu M. The [1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives were more potent than the pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine and quinoline analogues. Compounds 20, 21, 23 and 24 were the most potent inhibitors, with IC50 values in the range of 0.030-0.086 mu M and were equipotent to chloroquine. In addition, the compounds were selective, showing no cytotoxic activity against the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. All [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives inhibited PfDHODH activity in the low micromolar to low nanomolar range (IC50 values of 0.08-1.3 mu M) and did not show significant inhibition against the HsDHODH homologue (0-30% at 50 mu M). Molecular docking studies indicated the binding mode of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives to PfDHODH, and the highest interaction affinities for the PfDHODH enzyme were in agreement with the in vitro experimental evaluation. Thus, the most active compounds against P. falciparum parasites 20 (R = CF3, R-1 = F; IC50 = 0.086 mu M), 21 (R = CF3; R-1 = CH3; IC50 = 0.032 mu M), 23, (R = CF3, R-1 = CF3; IC50 = 0.030 mu M) and 24 (R = CF3, 2-naphthyl; IC50 = 0.050 mu M) and the most active inhibitor against PfDHODH 19 (R = CF3, R-1 = Cl; IC50 = 0.08 mu M – PfDHODH) stood out as new lead compounds for antimalarial drug discovery. Their potent in vitro activity against P. falciparum and the selective inhibition of the PfDHODH enzyme strongly suggest that this is the mechanism of action underlying this series of new [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives. (c) 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

About 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, If you have any questions, you can contact Silveira, FF; de Souza, JO; Hoelz, LVB; Campos, VR; Jabor, VAP; Aguiar, ACC; Nonato, MC; Albuquerque, MG; Guido, RVC; Boechat, N; Pinheiro, LCS or concate me.. Recommanded Product: 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine

Reference:
Article; Safari, Niloufar; Shirini, Farhad; Tajik, Hassan; Journal of Molecular Structure; vol. 1201; (2020);,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

COA of Formula: C2H4N4. I found the field of Chemistry very interesting. Saw the article Synthesis, biological evaluation, molecular docking and DFT calculations of novel benzenesulfonamide derivatives published in 2019.0, Reprint Addresses Fahim, AM (corresponding author), Natl Res Ctr, Dept Green Chem, POB 12622, Cairo, Egypt.; Shalaby, MA (corresponding author), Damietta Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Chem, New Damietta 34517, Egypt.. The CAS is 61-82-5. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine.

The reaction of N-(4-acetylphenyl)benzene sulphonamide derivatives 3a and 3b with N,N dimethyl formamide dimethyl acetal (DMF-DMA) afford acryloyl(phenyl)benzenesulfonamide derivatives 4a and 4b; respectively. The chemical reactivity of enaminonitriles 4a and 4b towards hydrazine hydrate or hydroxylamine was studied for synthesizing of pyrazolyl and isoxazolyl-phenyl benzenesulfonamide derivatives 5a,b and 6a,b; respectively. Also, the treatment of enaminonitriles 4a and 4b with thiosemicarbazide or heterocyclic amines derivatives afford the novel sulfonamide derivatives. Furthermore, the reactivity of acetylsulfonamide derivatives towards nitrogen nucleophiles and dimedone afforded novel benzene sulfonamide compounds. Some of the synthesized chlorinated compounds exhibited excellent in vitro antitumor activity against HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines. Additionally, further studies were carried out on one of the most effective compounds, 4-chloro-N-(4-(isoxazole-3-yl)phenyl) benzenesulfonamide 6a (ISP), to evaluate its potential interaction against KSHV thymidylate synthase complex. The comprehensive theoretical and experimental mechanical studies of compound 6a (ISP) were compatible with elemental analysis, FTIR, H-1 NMR and MS spectral data. The optimized molecular structure and the harmonic vibrational frequencies were examined via Density functional theory (DFT)/B3LYP/6-31G(d) and Hartree-Fock HF/6-31G(d) energies. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

COA of Formula: C2H4N4. About 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, If you have any questions, you can contact Fahim, AM; Shalaby, MA or concate me.

Reference:
Article; Safari, Niloufar; Shirini, Farhad; Tajik, Hassan; Journal of Molecular Structure; vol. 1201; (2020);,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

COA of Formula: C2H4N4. Recently I am researching about NONGENOTOXIC CHEMICALS; RECOMMENDED LISTS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; FOLLOW-UP; ASSAY; PERFORMANCE; MUTAGENESIS; QUERCETIN; THRESHOLD; TESTS, Saw an article supported by the . Published in WILEY in HOBOKEN ,Authors: Allemang, A; De Abrew, KN; Shan, YQK; Krailler, JM; Pfuhler, S. The CAS is 61-82-5. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine

A key step in the risk assessment process of a substance is the assessment of its genotoxic potential. Irrespective of the industry involved, current approaches rely on combinations of two or three in vitro tests and while highly sensitive, their specificity is thought to be limited. A refined in vitro genotoxicity testing strategy with improved predictive capacity would be beneficial and 3R friendly as it helps to avoid unnecessary in vivo follow-up testing. Here, we describe a proof of concept study evaluating a balanced set of compounds that have in vivo negative or positive outcomes, but variable in vitro data, to determine if we could differentiate between direct and indirect acting genotoxicants. Compounds were examined in TK6 cells using an approach in which the same sample was used to evaluate both early genomic markers (Affymetrix analysis 4 hr post treatment), and the genotoxic outcome (micronuclei [MN] after 24 hr). The resulting genomic data was then analyzed using the TGx-DDI biomarker, Connectivity mapping and whole genome clustering. Chemicals were also tested in the ToxTracker assay, which uses six different biomarker genes. None of the methods correctly differentiated all direct from indirect acting genotoxicants when used alone, however, the ToxTracker assay, TGx-DDI biomarker and whole genome approaches provided high predictive capacity when used in combination with the MN assay (1/18, 2/18, 1/18 missed calls). Ultimately, a fit for purpose combination will depend on the specific tools available to the end user, as well as considerations of the unique benefits of the individual assays.

COA of Formula: C2H4N4. About 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, If you have any questions, you can contact Allemang, A; De Abrew, KN; Shan, YQK; Krailler, JM; Pfuhler, S or concate me.

Reference:
Article; Safari, Niloufar; Shirini, Farhad; Tajik, Hassan; Journal of Molecular Structure; vol. 1201; (2020);,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics