Category: 61-82-5

An article Rapid biotransformation of the insensitive munitions compound, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), by wastewater sludge WOS:000528211000001 published article about 2,4-DINITROANISOLE DNAN; BIODEGRADATION; DEGRADATION; REDUCTION; NITROAROMATICS; TRANSFORMATION; ENERGETICS; TOXICITY; IMX-101 in [Jog, Kalyani, V; Sierra-Alvarez, Reyes; Field, Jim A.] Univ Arizona, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA in 2020.0, Cited 40.0. Recommanded Product: 61-82-5. The Name is 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 61-82-5

As the use of the new insensitive munitions compound 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) increases, wastewaters, runoff and groundwater containing NTO will be generated. Little is known about the fate of NTO during biological wastewater treatment. The objective of this study was to explore the ability of wastewater sludges to promote the biotransformation of NTO. Three different sludges, i.e., anaerobic granular sludge, anaerobic digested sludge, and return activated sludge, were used to study the biotransformation of NTO under anaerobic conditions. Three different electron donor amendments were compared- hydrogen, ethanol, and acetate. Mixed microbial communities in each of the three sludge sources were effective in the reductive biotransformation of NTO. 3-amino-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (ATO) was observed as the major product of NTO biotransformation. The highest maximum specific rate of NTO reduction, about 120 mg NTO/g volatile suspended solids/d, was observed in anaerobic granular sludge with hydrogen or ethanol supplied as electron donors. NTO biotransformation to ATO by anaerobic digested sludge was also studied under denitrifying conditions. In this case, reduction of NTO started only after complete denitrification of added nitrate. An important implication of this paper is that sludge from wastewater treatment plants can rapidly and readily reduce NTO to ATO. [GRAPHICS] .

Recommanded Product: 61-82-5. About 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, If you have any questions, you can contact Jog, KV; Sierra-Alvarez, R; Field, JA or concate me.

Reference:
Article; Safari, Niloufar; Shirini, Farhad; Tajik, Hassan; Journal of Molecular Structure; vol. 1201; (2020);,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

In 2019.0 ANAL CHEM published article about SERS DETECTION; NANOPARTICLES; POINT; PRECONCENTRATION; MOLECULES; FILMS in [Zhang, Qinmei; Li, Dan; Cao, Xiukai; Deng, Wei] Shanghai Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Environm Engn, 100 Haiquan Rd, Shanghai 201418, Peoples R China; [Gu, Haixin] Shanghai Fire Res Inst MEM, 918 Minjing Rd, Shanghai 200438, Peoples R China in 2019.0, Cited 36.0. The Name is 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 61-82-5. Recommanded Product: 61-82-5

Development of flexible surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate with controllable hot spots has spurred increasing interest because of its unique structure and plasmonic properties. Here, charged poly(vinyl alcohol) microgels containing silver nanoparticles are developed by using microfluidic emulsification to produce a smart SERS sensor with charge screening and signals amplification. Importantly, this charged microgel enables the selective concentration of counter-charged molecules and induces the formation of assembled arrays at an immiscible liquid-liquid interface because of the electrostatic interaction. The SERS-active microgels arrays possess controllable structures and facilitate on-site determination of charged pesticides with an enhancement factor of 5.0 x 10(5). Such nanostructures present the ease of assembly, stability, and reproducibility which allow multiplex detection of analytes at aqueous and organic phases without any pretreatment of complex matrix samples. The interfacial sensing platform for on-site SERS analysis of charged pesticides will open vast possibilities for a wide range of in-field applications.

About 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, If you have any questions, you can contact Zhang, QM; Li, D; Cao, XK; Gu, HX; Deng, W or concate me.. Recommanded Product: 61-82-5

Reference:
Article; Safari, Niloufar; Shirini, Farhad; Tajik, Hassan; Journal of Molecular Structure; vol. 1201; (2020);,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Name: 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. Yuan, S; Wang, SX; Zhao, M; Zhang, DQ; Chen, JJ; Li, JX; Zhang, JY; Song, YH; Wang, JY; Yu, B; Liu, HM in [Yuan, Shuo; Wang, Sixi; Zhao, Min; Zhang, Danqing; Chen, Jinjie; Li, Jian-Xin; Zhang, Jingya; Song, Yihui; Wang, Jinyi; Yu, Bin; Liu, Hongmin] Zhengzhou Univ, Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Zhengzhou 450001, Peoples R China published Bronsted acid-promoted ‘on-water’ C(sp(3))-H functionalization for the synthesis of isoindolinone/[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives targeting the SKP2-CKS1 interaction in 2020.0, Cited 33.0. The Name is 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 61-82-5.

The isoindolinone and biaryl scaffolds are prevalent in natural products and drug molecules, which have showed broad and interesting biological activities. The efficient construction of such hybridized molecules and biological evaluation are of great interest to medicinal chemistry community. In this communication, we report an efficient Bronsted acid-promoted C(sp(3))-H functionalization approach that enables the rapid construction of biologically important isoindolinone/[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine hybrids from 5-methyl-7-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine, 2-formylbenzoic acid and various anilines. The title compounds were generated in high to excellent yields (up to 96%) regardless of the electronic nature and steric effects of the substituents. In this reaction, an isoindolinone scaffold, one C-C single bond, and two C-N bonds were formed simultaneously with high atom economy. In this work, we have envisioned that the methyl group linked to the electron-deficient N-heterocycles could be used as a new synthetic handle for late-state diversification and may have broad applications in the field of organic and medicinal chemistry. Besides, the title compounds have exhibited promising activity against the SKP2-CKS1 interaction. (C) 2019 Chinese Chemical Society and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Name: 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. About 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, If you have any questions, you can contact Yuan, S; Wang, SX; Zhao, M; Zhang, DQ; Chen, JJ; Li, JX; Zhang, JY; Song, YH; Wang, JY; Yu, B; Liu, HM or concate me.

Reference:
Article; Safari, Niloufar; Shirini, Farhad; Tajik, Hassan; Journal of Molecular Structure; vol. 1201; (2020);,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Yu, L; Liu, WJ; Guo, ZW; Li, ZQ; Jiang, HY; Zou, Q; Mao, ZL; Fang, HC; Zhang, ZY; Wang, N; Chen, XS in [Yu, Lei; Liu, Wenjun; Guo, Zhangwen; Li, Zhiqiang; Jiang, Huiyan; Zou, Qi; Mao, Zuolin; Zhang, Zongying; Wang, Nan; Chen, Xuesen] Shandong Agr Univ, Coll Hort Sci, State Key Lab Crop Biol, 61 Daizong Rd, Tai An 271018, Shandong, Peoples R China; [Fang, Hongcheng] Shandong Agr Univ, Coll Forestry, State Forestry & Grassland Adm Key Lab Silvicultu, Tai An, Shandong, Peoples R China published Interaction between MdMYB63 and MdERF106 enhances salt tolerance in apple by mediating Na+/H+ transport in 2020.0, Cited 34.0. Formula: C2H4N4. The Name is 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 61-82-5.

Salt stress is an important environmental factor affecting the growth and production of agricultural crops and fruits worldwide, including apple (Males x domestica). In this study, we demonstrate that a salt-responsive MYB transcription factor (TF), designated as MdMYB63, promotes survival under salt stress. Overexpression of MdMYB63 in apple calli significantly enhanced salt tolerance. Screening of the AP2/ERF family of TFs identified MdERF106 as an interaction partner of MdMYB63. Further analyses showed that the MdMYB63-MdERF106 complex significantly promotes the expression of downstream MdSOS1, thereby improving the Na+ expulsion and salt tolerance of apple. These functional analyses of MdMYB63 have provided valuable insights into the regulatory network of salt tolerance, and lay a theoretical foundation for the cultivation of new salt-tolerant apple varieties.

Formula: C2H4N4. About 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, If you have any questions, you can contact Yu, L; Liu, WJ; Guo, ZW; Li, ZQ; Jiang, HY; Zou, Q; Mao, ZL; Fang, HC; Zhang, ZY; Wang, N; Chen, XS or concate me.

Reference:
Article; Safari, Niloufar; Shirini, Farhad; Tajik, Hassan; Journal of Molecular Structure; vol. 1201; (2020);,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Recommanded Product: 61-82-5. Authors Xu, XQ; Wu, P; Li, CY; Zhao, KY; Wang, CR; Deng, RP; Zhang, JL in AMER CHEMICAL SOC published article about in [Xu, Xiaoqing; Zhao, Keyong; Wang, Chiran; Deng, Renpan; Zhang, Jinli] Shihezi Univ, Key Lab Green Proc Chem Engn Xinjiang Bingtuan, Sch Chem & Chem Engn, Shihezi 832003, Peoples R China; [Wu, Peng] Soochow Univ, Sch Chem & Environm Engn, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, Peoples R China; [Li, Changyong] Univ Bremen, Ctr Appl Space Technol & Micrograv ZARM, D-28359 Bremen, Germany in 2021.0, Cited 59.0. The Name is 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 61-82-5

In this work, amine-functionalized ZIF8 (i.e., ZIF8-A) was dispersed in n-heptanol (ZIF8-A/n-heptanol) to remove SO2. The effects of ZIF8-A proportion, SO2 concentration, and absorption and desorption temperatures on the removal of SO2 were systematically investigated. The experimental results showed that the activity of ZIF8-A on SO2 removal was enhanced after being dispersed in n-heptanol. The SO2 saturation capacity increased with increasing proportion of ZIF8-A and SO(2)concentration. The optimal temperatures for SO2 absorption and desorption were found to be 25 and 120 degrees C, respectively. Under the optimal experimental conditions (25 degrees C and 4% SO2), the SO2 saturation capacity was 589 mg/g. Five continuous absorption-desorption cycles suggested a good regeneration performance. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet analyses, and computational simulation indicated that SO2 mainly interacted with ZIF8-A via hydrogen bonds besides physical absorption. The simulation results further indicated that the enhanced SO2 adsorption performance of ZIF8-A when dispersed in n-heptanol was due to the lower self-diffusion coefficient and higher isosteric heat of SO2 molecules in ZIF8-A/nheptanol.

Recommanded Product: 61-82-5. About 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, If you have any questions, you can contact Xu, XQ; Wu, P; Li, CY; Zhao, KY; Wang, CR; Deng, RP; Zhang, JL or concate me.

Reference:
Article; Safari, Niloufar; Shirini, Farhad; Tajik, Hassan; Journal of Molecular Structure; vol. 1201; (2020);,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Authors McCune, F; Samson-Robert, O; Rondeau, S; Chagnon, M; Fournier, V in SPRINGER HEIDELBERG published article about APIS-MELLIFERA; NEONICOTINOID INSECTICIDES; ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS; WARDECKER WATERERS; WATERING DEVICE; SURFACE WATERS; HYMENOPTERA; RESIDUES; WORKERS; APIDAE in [McCune, Frederic; Samson-Robert, Olivier; Rondeau, Sabrina; Fournier, Valerie] Univ Laval, Ctr Rech & Innovat Vegetaux, Quebec City, PQ G1V 0A6, Canada; [Rondeau, Sabrina] Univ Guelph, Sch Environm Sci, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; [Chagnon, Madeleine] Univ Quebec Montreal, Dept Sci Biol, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada in 2021.0, Cited 104.0. Name: 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. The Name is 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 61-82-5

Water is essential for honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), but contaminated sources of water in agricultural environments represent a risk of exposure to potentially harmful contaminants. Providing clean water to honey bees could be an efficient and cost-effective measure for beekeepers to reduce bee mortality associated with pesticides and improve the health of their colonies. The main goal of this study was to design a waterer prototype to fulfill the water requirements of honey bees and to evaluate the potential of this waterer in improving colonies’ health in agricultural settings, through mitigating the possible impact of an exposure to pesticides from puddle water. We tested the preference of honey bees regarding water composition and waterer prototypes, among which honey bees showed a strong preference for salted water and a poultry-type waterer. Our waterer models were quickly adopted and intensively used through the season in both the context of honey production in field crops and pollination services in cranberry crops. However, in neither context did the use of waterers reduce worker mortality nor increase overall colony weight. Our waterers provided bees with water containing fewer pesticides and were associated with reduced risks of drowning compared to natural sources of water. Our study suggests that the use of waterers fulfills an important requirement for honey bees and represents an interesting and convenient precautionary measure for beekeepers.

Name: 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. About 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, If you have any questions, you can contact McCune, F; Samson-Robert, O; Rondeau, S; Chagnon, M; Fournier, V or concate me.

Reference:
Article; Safari, Niloufar; Shirini, Farhad; Tajik, Hassan; Journal of Molecular Structure; vol. 1201; (2020);,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Application In Synthesis of 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. In 2019.0 ANGEW CHEM INT EDIT published article about K+ CHANNELS; ANION; CHLORIDE; BINDING; SLIDES; TRANSPORTERS; RECEPTORS; RODS in [Zheng, Shao-Ping; Li, Yu-Hao; Jiang, Ji-Jun; Barboiu, Mihail] Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sch Chem, Lehn Inst Funct Mat, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, Peoples R China; [Zheng, Shao-Ping; van der Lee, Arie; Barboiu, Mihail] Univ Montpellier, Inst Europeen Membranes, Adapt Supramol Nanosyst Grp, ENSCM CNRS, Pl E Bataillon CC047, F-34095 Montpellier, France; [Dumitrescu, Dan] Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, Beamline XRD2, Str Statale 14 Km 163,5 Area Sci Pk, I-34149 Basovizza, Italy in 2019.0, Cited 55.0. The Name is 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 61-82-5.

The self-assembly of triazole amphiphiles was examined in solution, the solid state, and in bilayer membranes. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments show that stacked protonated triazole quartets (T-4) are stabilized by multiple strong interactions with two anions. Hydrogen bonding/ion pairing of the anions are combined with anion-pi recognition to produce columnar architectures. In bilayer membranes, low transport activity is observed when the T-4 channels are operated as H+/X- translocators, but higher transport activity is observed for X- in the presence of the K+-carrier valinomycin. These self-assembled superstructures, presenting intriguing structural behaviors such as directionality, and strong anion encapsulation by hydrogen bonding supported by vicinal anion-pi interactions can serve as artificial supramolecular channels for transporting anions across lipid bilayer membranes.

About 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, If you have any questions, you can contact Zheng, SP; Li, YH; Jiang, JJ; van der Lee, A; Dumitrescu, D; Barboiu, M or concate me.. Application In Synthesis of 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine

Reference:
Article; Safari, Niloufar; Shirini, Farhad; Tajik, Hassan; Journal of Molecular Structure; vol. 1201; (2020);,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Quality Control of 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. Recently I am researching about BLOOD-BRAIN-BARRIER; IN-VITRO; CELL-MIGRATION; VASCULAR DEVELOPMENT; MODEL; THALIDOMIDE; DISRUPTION; CHEMICALS; NETWORK; CYTOTOXICITY, Saw an article supported by the Chemical Safety for Sustainability (CSS)National Research Program, Virtual Tissue Models project of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [CSS 5.3]. Published in PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD in OXFORD ,Authors: Zurlinden, TJ; Saili, KS; Baker, NC; Toimela, T; Heinonen, T; Knudsen, TB. The CAS is 61-82-5. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine

Development of the neurovascular unit (NVU) is a complex, multistage process that requires orchestrated cell signaling mechanisms across several cell types and ultimately results in formation of the blood-brain barrier. Typical high-throughput screening (HTS) assays investigate single biochemical or single cell responses following chemical insult. As the NVU comprises multiple cell types interacting at various stages of development, a methodology combining high-throughput results across pertinent cell-based assays is needed to investigate potential chemical-induced disruption to the development of this complex cell system. To this end, we implemented a novel method for screening putative NVU disruptors across diverse assay platforms to predict chemical perturbation of the developing NVU. HTS assay results measuring chemical-induced perturbations to cellular key events across angiogenic and neurogenic outcomes in vitro were combined to create a cell-based prioritization of NVU hazard. Chemicals were grouped according to similar modes of action to train a logistic regression literature model on a training set of 38 chemicals. This model utilizes the chemical-specific pairwise mutual information score for PubMed MeSH annotations to represent a quantitative measure of previously published results. Taken together, this study presents a methodology to investigate NVU developmental hazard using cell-based HTS assays and literature evidence to prioritize screening of putative NVU disruptors towards a knowledge-driven characterization of neurovascular developmental toxicity. The results from these screening efforts demonstrate that chemicals representing a range of putative vascular disrupting compound (pVDC) scores can also produce effects on neurogenic outcomes and characterizes possible modes of action for disrupting the developing NVU.

Quality Control of 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. About 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, If you have any questions, you can contact Zurlinden, TJ; Saili, KS; Baker, NC; Toimela, T; Heinonen, T; Knudsen, TB or concate me.

Reference:
Article; Safari, Niloufar; Shirini, Farhad; Tajik, Hassan; Journal of Molecular Structure; vol. 1201; (2020);,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

In 2020.0 REACT KINET MECH CAT published article about ONE-POT SYNTHESIS; SOLVENT-FREE; HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST; GAMMA-FE2O3 NANOCRYSTALLITES; NAPHTHOPYRAN DERIVATIVES; 3-COMPONENT CONDENSATION; FACILE SYNTHESIS; GREEN CHEMISTRY; AQUEOUS-MEDIUM; NANOPARTICLES in [Jahanshahi, Parivash; Mamaghani, Manouchehr] Univ Guilan, Dept Chem, Fac Sci, POB 41335-1914, Rasht, Iran in 2020.0, Cited 78.0. The Name is 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 61-82-5. Application In Synthesis of 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine

A highly efficient and straightforward one-pot three-component synthesis of functionalized 2-amino-4H-chromenes and indole-substituted 3-amino-1H-benzo[f]chromenes have been developed by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole supported on hydroxyapatite-encapsulated-gamma-Fe2O3(gamma-Fe2O3@HAp@CPTMS@AT) as the new magnetically recyclable heterogeneous basic nanocatalyst. The wide range of valuable 4H-chromene and 1H-chromene structures having different substituents were efficiently synthesized using one-pot tandem Knoevenagel cyclocondensation reaction of aromatic aldehydes, active methylene nitriles (malononitrile and 3-cyanoacetylindole) and diverse phenolic nucleophiles (resorcinol, alpha-naphthol and beta-naphthol) in the presence of nano gamma-Fe2O3@HAp@CPTMS@AT in EtOH. The structure and morphology of the synthesized nanocatalyst were characterized by using various techniques such as FT-IR, FESEM, EDS, XRD, TGA-DTA and VSM. The catalytic activity of nano gamma-Fe2O3@HAp@CPTMS@AT was evaluated and the results indicated its applicability as a novel, highly efficient, green, recyclable and promising heterogeneous basic nanocatalyst for the synthesis of 4H-chromene and 1H-chromene derivatives.

Application In Synthesis of 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine. About 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, If you have any questions, you can contact Jahanshahi, P; Mamaghani, M or concate me.

Reference:
Article; Safari, Niloufar; Shirini, Farhad; Tajik, Hassan; Journal of Molecular Structure; vol. 1201; (2020);,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Formula: C2H4N4. I found the field of Chemistry very interesting. Saw the article Screening for extractables in additive-manufactured acrylonitrile butadiene styrene orthopedic cast published in 2020.0, Reprint Addresses Wickramasekara, S (corresponding author), US FDA, DBCMS, OSEL, CDRH, 10903 New Hampshire Ave,Bldg 64,Rm 3064, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA.. The CAS is 61-82-5. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine.

The use of additive-manufactured components in medical applications, specifically medical devices (e.g., orthopedic casts), has increased in recent years. Such devices may be fabricated at the point of care using consumer-grade additive manufacturing. Limited studies have been conducted to evaluate the extractable substances of these devices. Chemical characterization followed by toxicological risk assessment is one means of evaluating safety of devices. This study was designed to determine the extractables profile of additive-manufactured materials according to filament grade and post-processing method. Feedstocks for additive manufacturing were tested as filament and manufactured casts, while the cast from consumer-grade filament (CGF) was post-processed. Samples were extracted using three solvents of varying polarities. Extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) techniques. In GC/MS analysis, isopropanol extracts generated fewer compound identifications for USP Class VI filament (USPF)-based casts (3) compared with the respective filament (17) while hexane generated the most compound identifications for the finished cast manufactured from CGF. CGF was found to have the highest number of nonvolatile extractables for isopropanol (15) and hexane (34) by positive ion LC/MS. Additionally, CGF produced more non-polar extractables in hexane than the USPF. A known polymer byproduct and potential genotoxicant, styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) trimer, was one of the compounds identified in both GC/MS and LC/MS at quantities ranging from 19 to 270 mu g g(-1). Overall these results suggested that the extractables profile was affected by the filament material, printing procedure, and post-processing method.

About 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, If you have any questions, you can contact Nahan, K; Sussman, EM; Oktem, B; Schultheis, L; Wickramasekara, S or concate me.. Formula: C2H4N4

Reference:
Article; Safari, Niloufar; Shirini, Farhad; Tajik, Hassan; Journal of Molecular Structure; vol. 1201; (2020);,
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics